Context

Light-cured direct resin-based materials (RBMs) and dental light-curing units (LCUs) have become ubiquitous in dental clinics worldwide. Recently, novel materials using alternative photoinitiators in addition to camphorquinone and new LCUs emitting different spectra of light have become available for clinical practice. In contrast to the broad emission spectrum of quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) lights, the emitted wavelength of some light-emitting diode (LED) LCUs or laser LCUs may be too narrow to activate all of the newer photosensitizers. Such physico-chemical incompatibility is concerning because the clinical success and the biocompatibility of RBMs (e.g. resin composites, adhesives, orthodontic resins, luting agents and sealants) depend on how thoroughly they are light-cured in the mouth.^1,2 This policy statement addresses this often unrecognized problem and provides timely recommendations for intraoral light-curing.

 

Scope

This FDI Policy Statement highlights important aspects for the correct use of different LCUs (e.g. QTH, LED and Laser) in dental practice. It indicates that professional guidance and education on the appropriate use of LCUs ( e.g. the effects of tip position, movement, angulation and exposure time) are needed.¹

 

Definitions^1,3

Radiant exitance (mW/cm²):

Radiant power of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a surface per unit area.

Irradiance (mW/cm²):

Radiant power of electromagnetic radiation received by a surface per unit area. Note: the irradiance is measured at various distances from the source, and it equals exitance at 0 mm from the tip.

Emission spectrum (nm):

Range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the light source.

Spectral radiant power/Spectral flux (mW/nm):

Radiant power of electromagnetic radiation emitted, transmitted, reflected, or received per unit wavelength.

Light beam uniformity:

Homogeneity of both the irradiance and spectral radiant power across the light beam from the light source.

Photoinitiator:

Chemical component of light-cured RBMs that, when activated by a specific wavelength of visible light, initiates the polymerization of the RBMs.

Photosensitizer:

Chemical component of a photoinitiator system that reacts with an accelerator to produce reactive species for polymerization of the RBMs. Note: Camphorquinone is very often used as a photosensitizer and an aliphatic amine is used as an accelerator.

 

Principles

Long-term success of restorations depends on many factors. Adequate light curing is an important but commonly underestimated issue. The correct selection and use of intra-oral LCUs are essential for the safety of patients and operators as well as for the long-term success of direct dental restorations and other intraorally light-cured dental materials.¹  The safe use of LCUs requires appropriate eye-protection.

 

Policy

According to ISO standards (10650:2018 and 4049:2019)⁴, manufacturers of light-curable dental materials should provide clear information on the specific wavelengths of light,  irradiance,  exposure time and the maximum thickness of the RBM for assuring sufficient light-curing. Furthermore, they should give clear information on characterizing the LCUs regarding emitted radiant power, radiant exitance, irradiance loss over distance, emission spectrum and active tip area, and display specifications on light transmission and beam uniformity. Manufacturers of both light-curable dental materials and LCUs need to provide data required by standardized test methods and meet standardized labelling and instructions of requirements for usage.⁵

FDI supports the following recommendations:

• Dental practitioners should check that the wavelengths of light emitted by the LCUs are used appropriately to those specified by the manufacturer of the RBMs.

• The maximum increment thickness of the material and the exposure time recommended by the manufacturer should be followed.

• Darker and/or more opaque colors/shades of the same product may require longer exposure times and/or may need to be applied in smaller increment thicknesses.

• The average radiant exitance of the LCUs should be in the range of 500 to 2000 mW/cm².Areas at the tip of the LCUs that emit a radiant exitance below 500 mW/cm²  may result in insufficient photocuring, and above 2000 mW/cm² may create thermal irritation and/or damage to oral tissues.⁵ Care is required when using high output LCUs (above 2,000 mW/cm²) that advocate very short exposure times (1-5 seconds). Although some resin bonded composites (RBCs) are matched to certain high output LCUs with short curing-time, high output LCUs may not adequately cure all RBCs.

• The performance of LCUs needs to be checked regularly as the radiant exitance, (i.e. irradiance at the light tip) may change over time. In addition,  it is important that the unit is regularly charged and the tip is clean and aseptic.

• Photocuring of resin materials also depends on the angulation of the light tip and distance from the light tip to the material.^2,6 In deep cavities, the exposure time should be prolonged to compensate for the loss of irradiance.

• A standardized assessment is mandatory for the efficacy of devices to protect the clinician’s eyes, either attached to an LCU,  handheld or as protective goggles. Professional education on the appropriate use of LCUs (e.g. the effects of tip position, movement, or angulation) is needed.^1,7

• Dental practitioners should provide essential instruction and supervision when light-curing devices are used by other members of the dental team, and make sure that those personnel are trained appropriately and understand the principles and professional recommendations on light curing as described above.

Further research on the safety and efficiency of LCUs and dental materials should be encouraged.

 

Keywords

Light-curing unit, restorative materials, resin composite, light-curable, photo-polymerization, photoinitiator, LED LCU

 

Disclaimer

The information in this Policy Statement was based on the best scientific evidence available at the time. It may be interpreted to reflect prevailing cultural sensitivities and socio-economic constraints.

 

References

1. Price RB, Ferracane JL, Shortall AC. Light-Curing Units: A Review of What We Need to Know. J Dent Res. 2015;94: 1179-86.

2.  Maktabi H, Ibrahim M, Alkhubaizi Q,et al. Underperforming light curing procedures trigger detrimental irradiance-dependent biofilm response on incrementally placed dental composites. J Dent. 2019;88: 103-110.

3.  Kirkpatrick SJ. A primer on radiometry. Dent Mater. 2005;21: 21-6.

4. International Organization for Standardization. Dentistry-Powered polymerization activators. International Organization for Standardization ISO. Document number: 10650:2018(en). Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/73302.html [Accessed 27 November 2020].

5. Park SH,  Roulet JF,  Heintze SD. Parameters influencing increase in pulp chamber temperature with light-curing devices: curing lights and pulpal flow rates. Oper Dent. 2010;35(3): 353-61.

6. Konerding KL, Heyder M, Kranz S,et al. Study of energy transfer by different light-curing units into a class III restoration as a function of tilt angle and distance, using a MARC Patient Simulator (PS). Dent Mater. 2016;32: 676-86.

7. Fluent MT, Ferracane JL, Mace JG, Shah AR, Price RB.  Shedding light on a     potential hazard: Dental light-curing units. J Am Dent Assoc. 2019;150: 1051-1058.

 

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